Etiology, diagnosis and treatment strategy of dental therapy-related subcutaneous emphysema / 中华口腔医学杂志

Subcutaneous emphysema is the local tissue swelling caused by the gas entering the subcutaneous tissue through the tissue gap. Although subcutaneous emphysema is usually a nonfatal and self-limited disease, in severe cases, the gas may spread to the neck, mediastinum and chest, resulting in mediastinal emphysema and other serious complications. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis of subcutaneous emphysema related to dental therapy,and operations that may cause subcutaneous emphysema in stomatology department,as well as the treatment and prognosis of subcutaneous emphysema, with a view to providing some references for dentists.

Síndrome de Hamman: a propósito de un caso / Hamman Syndrome, a case study / Sindrome de Hamman, relato de caso

Introducción: el síndrome de Hamman es la aparición de neumomediastino espontáneo asociado a enfisema, patología poco frecuente en pediatría. Sus síntomas principales son dolor torácico agudo, disnea y enfisema subcutáneo. Objetivo: describir una experiencia clínica en la que se sospechó este síndrome analizando el proceso diagnóstico, estudios complementarios y el tratamiento. Caso clínico: varón de 4 años, con antecedentes personales de laringitis a repetición. Presenta laringitis aguda severa, requirió ventilación no invasiva por 12 horas. A las 24 horas del ingreso instaló de forma brusca estridor inspiratorio, dificultad respiratoria, edema de cuello y cara con crepitación a nivel de cuello y cara anterior del tórax que se fue extendiendo a ambos brazos. Se realiza radiografía de tórax que evidencia enfisema subcutáneo extenso. Se realiza tomografía de cuello y tórax que descarta lesión en vía aérea. Con el planteo de síndrome de Hamman en un niño que presentaba como factor predisponente el episodio de laringitis aguda, se decidió no continuar con estudios complementarios. Se realizó tratamiento fisiopatológico con buena evolución clínica. Alta a la semana del ingreso. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico en la urgencia del neumomediastino espontáneo puede representar un desafío, con una variedad de diagnósticos diferenciales potencialmente mortales. La alta sospecha permitirá realizar una evaluación clínica e imagenológica adecuada que permitan confirmar su diagnóstico y evitar procedimientos invasivos innecesarios.

Introduction: Hamman's syndrome involves the appearance of spontaneous pneumomediastinum associated with emphysema, a rare pathology in pediatrics. Its main symptoms include acute chest pain, dyspnea and subcutaneous emphysema. Objective: to describe a clinical case of this suspected syndrome by analyzing the diagnostic process, supplementary studies, and treatment. Clinical case: 4-year-old male with personal history of repeated laryngitis. He presented severe acute laryngitis, requiring non-invasive ventilation for 12 hours. Twenty-four hours after admission he developed abrupt inspiratory stridency, respiratory distress, neck, and face edema with crepitation at neck level and front of thorax spreading to both arms. A chest X-ray shows extensive subcutaneous emphysema. A neck and chest CT scan rules out airway injury. With the suggestion of Hamman's syndrome in a child who presented acute laryngitis as a predisposing factor the episode, it was decided not to continue with additional studies. Physio-pathological treatment was carried out with good clinical evolution. He was discharged a week after admission. Conclusions: diagnosis of spontaneous pneumomediastinum can be challenging in an emergency setting and having a variety of potentially life-threatening differential diagnoses. High suspicion levels will enable an adequate clinical and imaging assessment to confirm its diagnosis and avoid unnecessary invasive procedures.

Introdução: síndrome de Hammam é o aparecimento de pneumomediastino espontâneo associado ao enfisema, uma patologia rara na pediatria. Seus principais sintomas são dor aguda no peito, dispneia e enfisema subcutâneo. Objetivo: descrever um caso clínico com suspeita dessa síndrome por meio da análise do processo diagnóstico, estudos complementares e tratamento. Caso clínico: menino de 4 anos com histórico pessoal de laringite recorrente. Teve laringite aguda grave, o que exigiu ventilação não invasiva por 12 horas. Dentro de 24 horas após a internação, instalou-se abruptamente estridor inspirador, dificuldade respiratória, edema do pescoço e rosto com estalos ao nível do pescoço e face anterior do peito, estendido para ambos braços. Raios-x do tórax mostram enfisema subcutâneo extenso. Tomografia do pescoço e tórax exclui lesões nas vias aéreas. Com a sugestão da síndrome de Hammam em uma criança que apresentou como fator predisponente o episódio de laringite aguda, decidiu-se não continuar com estudos complementares. O tratamento fisiopatológico mostrou boa evolução clínica. A alta teve lugar dentro de uma semana da data da internação. Conclusões: o diagnóstico na urgência do pneumomediastino espontâneo pode representar um desafio, além do mais quando existem uma variedade de diagnósticos diferenciais que ameaçam a vida. A alta suspeita permitirá uma avaliação clínica e de imagem adequada para confirmar o diagnóstico e evitar procedimentos invasivos desnecessários.

Neumomediastino espontáneo en un paciente con COVID-19 / Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in a Patient with COVID-19

Los pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV2 presentan manifestaciones variadas consecuentes con el impacto multiorgánico de este virus en la economía del ser humano. Sin embargo, las afecciones pulmonares son las predominantes, dado que abarcan desde sutiles infiltrados en "vidrio esmerilado" hasta un gran compromiso del parén quima pulmonar. El neumomediastino es una expresión rara que se presenta tan solo en un 1% de los pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón con COVID-19 crítico que desarrolla neumomediastino sin neumotórax.

Patients infected with SARS-CoV2 show various manifestations consistent with the multiorgan impact of this virus in the system of the human being. However, pulmonary conditions are the most predominant: from slight ground glass infiltrates to severe in volvement of pulmonary parenchyma. Pneumomediastinum is a rare expression that only occurs in 1% of patients. We present the case of a critically ill male patient with COVID-19 who develops pneumomediastinum without pneumothorax.

Terapia de presión negativa para pacientes con enfisema subcutáneo y neumomediastino masivo / Negative pressure therapy for patients with subcutaneous emphysemaand massive pneumomediastinum

Se han descrito diversas técnicas para el tratamiento del enfisema subcutáneo y del neumomediastino. Algunos pacientes con pequeñas perforaciones traqueales pueden ser manejados de forma expectante, salvo que requieran ventilación mecánica. Se presentan las imágenes de un paciente con enfisema subcutáneo y neumomediastino no candidato a cirugía y quien fue tratado exitosamente con terapia de presión negativa.

Different techniques have been described for the treatment of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediatinum. Some patients with small tracheal perforations can be managed expectantly, unless they require mechanical ventilation. Images of a patient with subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum not a candidate for surgery and who was successfully treated with negative pressure therapy are presented.

Neumomediastino secundario a fractura aislada de piso de órbita / Pneumomediastinum secondary to isolated fracture of orbit floorx

Resumen Introducción: El neumomediastino se define como la presencia de aire o gas dentro de los planos fasciales del mediastino. Por lo general, es un fenómeno secundario a perforaciones traumáticas del tracto aerodigestivo. El neumomediastino secundario a una fractura orbitaria es un evento raro. Se asocia a complicaciones potencialmente mortales como el neumotórax, el neumopericardio y la mediastinitis. Objetivo: Describir un caso de neumomediastino secundario a una fractura aislada de piso orbitario y su manejo médico-quirúrgico. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino de 42 años que sufre traumatismo en regiones facial, cervical y torácica desarrollando secundariamente un enfisema subcutáneo panfacial y un neumomediastino, el cual se resuelve exitosamente. Discusión: El neumomediastino secundario a una fractura aislada de piso orbitario es un evento muy raro. El aire puede descender a lo largo de los espacios fasciales hasta el mediastino. En este sentido, sonarse la nariz es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar esta pa-tología. Conclusión: Ocurrido un trauma maxilofacial puede presentarse enfisemas de espacios profundos de la cabeza, cuello e incluso el mediastino.

Introduction: Pneumomediastinum is defined as the presence of air or gas within the fascial planes of the mediastinum. It is usually a phenomenon secondary to traumatic perforations of the aerodigestive tract. Pneumomediastinum secondary to an orbital fracture is a rare event. And it is related to life-threatening complications such as pneumothorax, pneumopericardium and mediastinitis. Aim: To describe a case of pneumomediastinum secondary to an isolated orbital floor fracture and its medical-surgical management. Clinical case: A 42-year-old female patient who suffers trauma to the facial, cervical and thoracic regions, secondary development of a subcutaneous panfacial emphysema and pneumomediastinum, which resolves successfully. Discussion: Pneumomediastinum following an isolated orbital floor fracture is a very rare event. The air can descend along the fascial spaces to the mediastinum. In this sense, blowing your nose is a risk factor to develop this pathology. Conclusion: After a maxillofacial trauma, emphysema of the deep spaces of the head, neck and even the mediastinum can occur

Neumomediastino espontáneo en pacientes COVID-19. Serie de casos / Spontaneous pneumomediastinum in COVID-19 patients. Case series

Resumen El neumomediastino espontáneo es la presencia de aire libre en el mediastino sin el antecedente de alguna causa como trauma de tórax. Es una condición benigna autolimitada que se trata en forma conservadora. El diagnóstico clínico se basa en dos síntomas: dolor torácico y disnea; y en un signo en particular: enfisema subcutáneo. Ha sido reportado en pacientes con influenza A (H1N1) y síndrome respiratorio agudo grave; sin embargo, ha sido raramente observado en pacientes con COVID-19. En este trabajo describimos seis pacientes del sexo masculino con COVID-19, con edades entre 27 y 82 años, que presentaron neumomediastino espontáneo y enfisema subcutáneo; ambos se reabsorbieron totalmente con manejo conservador.

Abstract Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is defined as the presence of free air within the mediastinum without an apparent cause such as chest trauma. It is a benign, self-limiting condition that is conservatively treated. Clinical diagnosis is based on two symptoms: chest pain and dyspnea; and on a particular sign: subcutaneous emphysema. It has been reported in patients with influenza A (H1N1) and severe acute respiratory syndrome; however, it has been rarely observed in COVID-19 patients. In this work, we describe six male patients with COVID-19, aged between 27 and 82 years, who presented with spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema; both conditions were completely resorbed with conservative management.

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum incidence and clinical features in non-intubated patients with COVID-19

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the presentation characteristics and disease course of seven patients with COVID-19 who spontaneously developed pneumomediastinum without a history of mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A total of seven non-intubated patients with COVID-19, of age ranging from 18-67 years, who developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum between 01 April and 01 October 2020 were included in the study. Patients' demographic data, clinical variables, and laboratory values were examined. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum was evaluated using posteroanterior chest radiography and thorax computed tomography. RESULTS: During the research period, 38,492 patients reported to the emergency department of our hospital with COVID-19 symptoms. Of these, spontaneous pneumomediastinum was detected in seven patients who had no previous history of intubation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2/7) and asthma bronchiale (2/7) were determined as the most common causes of comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the frequency of spontaneous pneumomediastinum developing without pneumothorax was found to be high in non-intubated patients. Whether this is related to the nature of the disease or it is a result of the increase in cases diagnosed incidentally owing to the increasing use of low-dose computed tomography should be explored in further studies.

Síndrome de Hamman em gestante: relato de caso / Hamman syndrome in pregnant women: case report

A síndrome de Hamman foi descrita pela primeira vez por Louis Hamman, em 1939, como "enfisema mediastinal espontâneo" e corresponde à presença de ar livre no mediastino, sem relação com trauma e/ou procedimentos invasivos na região torácica. A condição apresenta sintomas inespecíficos como dor torácica, dispneia, tosse, disfonia, disfagia e dor cervical. Devido aos sinais e sintomas inespecíficos, essa condição pode ser subdiagnosticada, contribuindo para a sua baixa incidência. O diagnóstico é estabelecido com exames de imagem como radiografia e tomografia computadorizada de tórax. No relato de caso descrito, temos uma paciente de 31 anos, gestante, G2P1A0, que desenvolve a síndrome concomitantemente a episódios de hiperêmese gravídica com cinco semanas e cinco dias de idade gestacional. O objetivo deste relato concentra-se em destacar essa hipótese diagnóstica para assistência adequada à paciente, uma vez que tal condição não faz parte do escopo cotidiano dentro da obstetrícia.(AU)

Hamman's syndrome was first described by Louis Hamman in 1939 as "spontaneous mediastinal emphysema" and is characterized by the presence of air in the mediastinum, unrelated to trauma, and/or invasive procedures in the thoracic region. The condition presents nonspecific symptoms such as thoracic pain, cervical pain, dyspnea, cough, and dysphonia. Due to the nonspecific signs and symptoms, this condition can be misdiagnosed, contributing to its low incidence. A diagnosis is established through imaging examinations such as chest radiography and computerized tomography. Here, we report the case of a 31-year-old female who developed Hamman's syndrome concomitantly with episodes of severe hyperemesis when she was five weeks and five days pregnant. Hamman's syndrome is a rare presentation in the field of obstetrics. This report seeks to highlight how Hamman's syndrome was diagnosed, discuss the care given to the patient, and explain the correlation between hyperemesis gravidarum and Hamman's syndrome.(AU)

Perforación gástrica asociada al consumo de helado con nitrógeno líquido / Gastric perforation associated with the intake of ice cream with liquid nitrogen

La ingestión de nitrógeno líquido es una causa infrecuente de perforación gástrica, se conoce poco sobre como este compuesto afecta el tejido gastrointestinal, sus mecanismos de lesión y sus consecuencias clínicas. Cada vez es más frecuente el uso del nitrógeno líquido de forma comercial en productos de repostería y gastronomía, por lo que es importante reconocer sus potenciales efectos cuando la manipulación no es la adecuada. En este caso clínico describimos una perforación gástrica secundaria al consumo de helado preparado con nitrógeno líquido.

Liquid nitrogene ingestion is a frecuent cause of gastric perforation. It is unknown how this compound afects the gatrointestinal tissue, it mechanisisms of injury and the clinical consecuences. Nowadays, the use of liquid nitrogene in gastronomy is becoming a tendency, for this reason it is important to identify the potencial healt effects of this compound when is not correctly manipulated. The following article describes a secondary gastric perforation, as a consecuence of the consumption of ice cream prepared with liquid nitrogene.

Neumomediastino espontáneo idiopático. Primer caso pediátrico en Colombia / Idiopathic spontaneous pneumomediastinum. First colombian pediatric case

Resumen El neumomediastino espontáneo idiopático es la presencia de aire en el mediastino, sin ninguna causa aparente, siendo descrito en 1939 por el Dr. Hamman. Se atribuye a una fuga dinámica de aire desde los alvéolos a través del intersticio de personas jóvenes (efecto Macklin). La clínica no es específica, pero el dolor torácico agudo retroesternal y la tos, son los síntomas más orientativos; los signos más específicos son los crépitos precordiales (signo de Hamman) y el enfisema subcutáneo. La radiografía de tórax es suficiente para el diagnóstico, aunque otras técnicas de imagen sirven para evaluar causas secundarias. El tratamiento es reposo, analgésicos y, opcionalmente, oxígeno suplementario. Se presenta el caso de un niño en edad escolar con neumomediastino espontáneo sin ningún desencadenante identificable, siendo el primer caso pediátrico colombiano reportado de esta variante. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(2):47-52

Abstract Idiopathic spontaneous pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum, without any apparent cause, it was described in 1939 by Dr. Hamman. It is attributed to a dynamic escape of air from the alveoli through the pulmonary interstice of young people (Macklin effect). The clinical symptoms are not specific, but acute retrosternal chest pain and cough are the most indicative symptoms; the most specific signs are precordial crepitus (Hamman's sign) and subcutaneous emphysema. The chest X-ray is enough for the diagnosis; however, other imaging techniques are used to evaluate secondary causes. The treatment is rest, analgesics and, optionally, supplemental oxygen. There is presented the case of a school-age child with spontaneous pneumomediastinum without any identifiable trigger, being the first reported Colombian pediatric case of this variant. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(2):47-52

Neumomediastino espontáneo: una serie de casos / Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum: Case Series

El neumomediastino espontáneo es una condición clínica de baja incidencia. Se caracteriza por tener aire libre en el mediastino sin trauma asociado, y se considera un trastorno benigno y autolimitado. El diagnóstico se realiza por sospecha clínica y se confirma con imágenes diagnósticas. Esta entidad ha sido poco informada en la literatura nacional, y se considera que el probable subdiagnóstico se debe al poco conocimiento de sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas en nuestro medio. Se presenta una serie de 11 casos de neumomediastino espontáneo estudiados en dos instituciones de alta complejidad de Medellín, Colombia.

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, a clinical condition with low incidence, is characterized by the presence of free air in the mediastinum without associated trauma, and it is considered a benign and self-limiting disorder. The diagnosis is made by clinical suspicion and is confirmed with diagnostic images. This entity has been little reported in the national literature, considering that the probable underdiagnosis is due to lack of knowledge of its clinical and epidemiological characteristics in our environment. A series of 11 cases of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in patients admitted to two institutions of high complexity in Medellin-Colombia are presented.

Anesthetic Consideration for Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy

A recent achalasia guideline suggests that peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a safe option for achalasia that is as effective as Heller myotomy. It is recommended that POEM should be performed under general anesthesia. The incidence of adverse events such as bleeding, perforation, and carbon dioxide insufflation-related complications was lower in POEM under endotracheal general anesthesia than in POEM under sedation. Subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, and accompanying hemodynamic instability can be caused by carbon dioxide insufflation. Treatment of possible physiological changes and adverse events during the POEM procedure from the point of view of anesthesiologists may give endoscopists a new perspective on improving patient safety. The territory of therapeutic endoscopy can be expanded through cooperation with other departments, including anesthesia services. Efforts to understand different perspectives will certainly help not only secure patient safety but also expand the area of treatment.

Iatrogenic Tension Pneumothorax after Surgical Tracheostomy in a Child with Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis: case report / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Tracheostomy is increasingly performed in children for upper airway anomalies. Here, an 18-month-old child (height 84.1 cm, weight 12.5 kg) presented to the emergency department with dyspnea, stridor, and chest retraction. However, exploration of the airways using a bronchoscope failed due to subglottic stenosis. Therefore, a surgical tracheostomy was successfully performed with manual mask ventilation. However, pneumomediastinum was found in the postoperative chest radiograph. Although an oxygen saturation of 99% was initially maintained, oxygen saturation levels dropped, due to sudden dyspnea, after 3 hours. A chest radiograph taken at this time revealed a left tension pneumothorax and small right pneumothorax. Despite a needle thoracostomy, the pneumothorax was aggravated, and cardiac arrest occurred. Cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation was performed, but the patient was declared dead 30 minutes later. This study highlights the fatal complications that can occur in children during tracheostomy. Therefore, close monitoring, immediate suspicion, recognition, and aggressive management may avoid fatal outcomes.

A Case of Subcutaneous Emphysema and Pneumomediastinum after Palatine Tonsillectomy / 대한이비인후과학회지

Palatine tonsillectomy is a very common procedure and it is relatively safe and has few complications. However, some severe, although rare, complications that can lead a patient to life-threatening status can occur following palatine tonsillectomy. Subcutaneous or mediastinal emphysema is one of the severe complications. We report a case of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum after palatine tonsillectomy in a healthy 18-year-old man. After conservative management, subcutaneous emphysema was subsided without other complications.

Caso Clínico: Neumomediastino Anterior, Secundario a Procedimiento Dental / Case Report: Anterior Pneumomediastinum, Secondary to Dental Procedure

INTRODUCCIÓN: El neumomediastino es la presencia de aire en el mediastino, tiene incidencia variable que oscila entre 1/80 000 y 1/42 000 a nivel mundial, genera una diversidad de características clínicas, puede ser secundario a entidades torácicas o extra torácicas; dentro de las causas extratorácicas, podemos asociarlo a procedimientos dentales siendo de vital importancia considerar la posibilidad y la asociación a dichos procedimientos para su diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de sexo femenino de 23 años, que 24 horas previas a su ingreso, se realizó procedimiento dental tipo exodoncia del tercer molar inferior izquierdo, en el que se usó instrumental manual y neumático, que debió ser suspendido; la paciente presentó dolor intenso más dificultad respiratoria, posterior a ello dolor torácico opresivo, mandibular y en cuello de lado izquierdo, acompañado de enfisema subcutáneo en hemicara izquierda, cuello bilateralmente y subclavicular izquierdo. EVOLUCIÓN: Paciente es ingresada con diagnóstico de neumomediastino secundario a procedimiento dental para tratamiento antibiótico de amplio espectro y vigilancia, durante su hospitalización por tres días permanece estable, afebril con mejoría clínica general. CONCLUSIÓN: El neumomediastino es una complicación poco frecuente tras intervenciones odontológicas, se debe sospechar por el uso de instrumental neumático que disecan los tejidos blandos faciales, del cuello y tórax; la paciente tuvo una evolución favorable en base al diagnóstico y tratamient

BACKGROUND: Neumomediastinum is defined as the presence of air in the mediastinum, It has variable incidence that oscillates between 1/80000 and 1/420000, generates a diversity of clinical characteristics. It can be secondary to thoracic or extra thoracic entities, within extrathoracic causes; it can be associated with dental procedures, being of vital importance consider the possibility and the association to this procedure to get to an adequate diagnosis and treatment. CASE REPORT: A 23-year-old female patient who, 24 hours prior to admission, underwent a dental procedure such as a third-molar left third molar extraction, in which manual instruments and pneumatics dental lathe were used, which had to be suspended; the patient presented severe pain plus respiratory difficulty, after that she presented oppressive chest pain, mandibular and left side neck, accompanied by subcutaneous emphysema in the left side of the face, neck bilaterally and left subclavicular EVOLUTION: The patient was hospitalize with a diagnosis of neumomediastinum secondary to dental procedure to receive treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic and surveillance, during her hospitalization for three days she remains stable, afebrile with general clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The neumomediastinum is a rare complication after odontological interventions. It should be suspected when pneumatic instrument lathe are used that dissect facial, neck and thorax soft tissues; the patient had a favorable evolution based on the diagnosis and early treatment proposed by the doctors according to the patients symptoms.